The age-standardized prevalence of wheezes was 18.6% in women and 15.3% in men, and of crackles, 10.8 and 9.4%, respectively. Twenty-eight percent of individuals had wheezes or crackles.
We estimated age-standardized prevalence of wheezes and crackles and associations between wheezes and crackles and variables of interest were analyzed with univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. Pulse oximetry and spirometry were carried out. We recorded lung sounds in 4033 individuals 40 years or older and collected information on self-reported disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of wheezes and crackles in a large general adult population and explore associations with self-reported disease, smoking status and lung function. However, their prevalence in a general population has been sparsely described. "late inspiratory crackles" or "inspiratory and expiratory wheezes") as well as their location, and whether they clear with coughing or not.Wheezes and crackles are well-known signs of lung diseases, but can also be heard in apparently healthy adults. When describing adventitious sounds, the timing of these sounds in the respiratory cycle should be noted (e.g. Continuous sounds include ronchi and wheezes. Discontinuous adventitious breath sounds include crackles (also called rales). It is important to know where these sounds are normally heard as hearing certain sounds in locations where they are not normally found may signify pathology.Ĭlick on the interactive icon for specific descriptions of these sounds, and for practice listening to these sounds.Ībnormal or adventitious breath sounds may indicate the presence of pathology and are generally divided into two categories: discontinuous and continuous sounds. Normal breath sounds include vesicular, bronchial and bronchovesicular breath sounds. Normal breath sounds are generally softer at the apices and become louder at the bases. Note these characteristics as you listen in different areas. Normal breath sounds differ over various portions of the lungs with regard to intensity, pitch, and relative duration of inspiratory and expiratory phases. Lung sounds are absent over a pneumothorax.Lung sounds may be diminished due to shallow breathing or hyperinflation, pleural disease, mucous plugging or obesity.Lung sounds may be louder in areas where lung tissue is more dense.
The presence of chest hair may require firmer pressure to eliminate any potential interference. Use the diaphragm of the stethoscope, placed firmly and directly on the skin.Have the patient sit upright if possible, breathing slowly and deeply through an open mouth.In conjunction with percussion, auscultation helps to evaluate the surrounding pulmonary parenchyma and pleural space. Auscultation evaluates air flow through the tracheopulmonary tree, the presence of added or adventitious breath sounds, and transmission of the patient's spoken voice. Auscultation provides important information regarding the lungs and pleura.
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